The real trouble _____their lack of confidence in their faculty.

_____ we won the war.

He is _____to speak the truth.

He did it _____gratitude for everything she had done for him.

Our classroom is _____in the school building.

-He hardly has anything nowadays, _____?

-No, I don't think so.

He claimed that he would be a _____in the presidential election, and would win the election at last.

Hardly _____the classroom when the class began.

Open the window, _____?

We wouldn't lose heart even if we _____again.

Our maths teacher is a man whom everyone looks_____.

We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at same time we are _____our environment with dangerous chemicals.

I got caught in the rain and my suit______.

That job is quite difficult. I can understand why you have _____so many problems.

The boy showed complete _____of his parents' advice.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Enough sleep is important to health. The amount of sleep _____（21）depends on the age of the person and the conditions in which sleep _____（22）. The young may need more sleep than the old, but _____（23）eight hours is enough for the health of grown-ups. Some can do with less than this amount but _____（24）may need more. Every person knows his own need. It is then a matter of how to _____（25）it. Sleep should be always enough to make one relaxed（松弛）and ready for _____work.

Fresh air is _____（27） to sound sleep（酣睡）. It is not _____（28）reason for some people to insist that it is practical to sleep in the open air. _____ a person can keep himself warm, out-of-door sleeping probably gives the body _____ complete relaxation.

Ability to sleep is largely a habit. The conditions referred to only lead to sleep. Out-of-door _____（31）, a good habit of regular drinking and the avoidance of late eating and _____（32）are all helpful to sound sleep. Such factors are largely within the _____（33）of any person. A bath at _____（34）, neither hot nor cold but of body temperature, may be helpful to sleep. Sleeping pills should never be taken except when suggested by _____（35）.

_____.

Passage One

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person's utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else's enjoying the same good.

Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public goods. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit—irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.

It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with public goods. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Passage One

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person's utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else's enjoying the same good.

Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public goods. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit—irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.

It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with public goods. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

Which of the following would NOT be an example of public goods as described in the passage?

Passage One

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person's utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else's enjoying the same good.

Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public goods. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit—irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.

It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with public goods. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

according to the passage, finding out the social costs of a public good is a_____.

Passage One

Public goods are those commodities from whose enjoyment nobody can be effectively excluded. Everybody is free to enjoy the benefits of these commodities, and one person's utilization does not reduce the possibilities of anybody else's enjoying the same good.

Examples of public goods are not as rare as one might expect. A flood control dam is a public goods. Once the dam is built, all persons living in the area will benefit—irrespective of their own contribution to the construction cost of the dam. The same holds true for highway signs or aids to navigation. Once a lighthouse is built, no ship of any nationality can be effectively excluded from the utilization of the lighthouse for navigational purposes. National defense is another example. Even a person who voted against military expenditures or did not pay any taxes will benefit from the protection afforded.

It is no easy task to determine the social costs and social benefits associated with public goods. There is no practicable way of charging drivers for looking at highway signs, sailors for watching a lighthouse, and citizens for the security provided to them through national defense. Because the market does not provide the necessary signals, economic analysis has to be substituted for the impersonal judgement of the marketplace.

Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first two paragraphs?

Passage Two

One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state's 77000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips（干牛粪）were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and interestingly, no odor. Soon, colleting them became a way of life for the settlers' children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

What is the main topic of this passage?

Passage Two

One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state's 77000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips（干牛粪）were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and interestingly, no odor. Soon, colleting them became a way of life for the settlers' children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Passage Two

One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state's 77000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips（干牛粪）were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and interestingly, no odor. Soon, colleting them became a way of life for the settlers' children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

The passage implies that buffalo chips were needed_____.

Passage Two

One of the greatest problems for those settlers in Nebraska in the last quarter of the previous century was fuel. Little of the state was forested when the first settlers arrived and it is probable that by 1880, only about one-third of the originally forested area remained, down to a mere 1 percent of the state's 77000 square miles. With wood and coal out of the question, and with fuel needed year-round for cooking, and during the harsh winter months for heating, some solution had to be found.

Somewhat improbably, the buffalo provided the answer. Buffalo chips（干牛粪）were found to burn evenly, hotly, and cleanly, with little smoke and interestingly, no odor. Soon, colleting them became a way of life for the settlers' children who would pick them up on their way to and from school, or take part in competitions designed to counteract their natural reluctance. Even a young man, seeking to impress the girl he wanted to marry, would arrive with a large bag of chips rather than with a box of candy or a bunch of flowers.

Which of the following does the author not express surprise at?

Passage Three

If women are mercilessly exploited（剥削）year after year, they are only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashion of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be treated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and feasibility? That's for you to decide.

Designers and big stores always make money _____.

Passage Three

If women are mercilessly exploited（剥削）year after year, they are only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashion of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be treated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and feasibility? That's for you to decide.

To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashion dress is seen as _____.

Passage Three

If women are mercilessly exploited（剥削）year after year, they are only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashion of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be treated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and feasibility? That's for you to decide.

The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _____of clothing.

Passage Three

If women are mercilessly exploited（剥削）year after year, they are only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe（衣柜）packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.

Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.

No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability（耐用）. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.

When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashion of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be treated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and feasibility? That's for you to decide.

According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Passage Four

Almost every family buys at least one copy of a newspaper every day. Some people subscribe to as many as two or three different newspapers. But why do people read newspapers?

Five hundred years ago, news of important happenings—battles lost and won, kings or rulers overthrown a kill—took months and even years to travel from one country to another. The news passed by word of mouth and was never accurate. Today we can read in our newspapers of important events that occur in faraway countries on the same day they happen.

Apart from supplying news from all over the world, newspapers give us a lot of other useful information. There are weather reports, radio, television and film guides, book reviews, stories, and, of course, advertisements. There are all sorts of advertisements. The bigger ones are put in by large companies to bring attention to their products. They pay the newspapers thousands of dollars for their advertising space, but it is worth the money, for news of their products goes into almost every home in the country. For those who produce newspapers, advertisements are also important. Money earned from advertisements makes it possible for them to sell their newspapers at a low price and still make a profit.

In the past, news was_____.

Passage Four

Almost every family buys at least one copy of a newspaper every day. Some people subscribe to as many as two or three different newspapers. But why do people read newspapers?

Five hundred years ago, news of important happenings—battles lost and won, kings or rulers overthrown a kill—took months and even years to travel from one country to another. The news passed by word of mouth and was never accurate. Today we can read in our newspapers of important events that occur in faraway countries on the same day they happen.

Apart from supplying news from all over the world, newspapers give us a lot of other useful information. There are weather reports, radio, television and film guides, book reviews, stories, and, of course, advertisements. There are all sorts of advertisements. The bigger ones are put in by large companies to bring attention to their products. They pay the newspapers thousands of dollars for their advertising space, but it is worth the money, for news of their products goes into almost every home in the country. For those who produce newspapers, advertisements are also important. Money earned from advertisements makes it possible for them to sell their newspapers at a low price and still make a profit.

The money spent on advertisements is_____.

Passage Four

Almost every family buys at least one copy of a newspaper every day. Some people subscribe to as many as two or three different newspapers. But why do people read newspapers?

Five hundred years ago, news of important happenings—battles lost and won, kings or rulers overthrown a kill—took months and even years to travel from one country to another. The news passed by word of mouth and was never accurate. Today we can read in our newspapers of important events that occur in faraway countries on the same day they happen.

Apart from supplying news from all over the world, newspapers give us a lot of other useful information. There are weather reports, radio, television and film guides, book reviews, stories, and, of course, advertisements. There are all sorts of advertisements. The bigger ones are put in by large companies to bring attention to their products. They pay the newspapers thousands of dollars for their advertising space, but it is worth the money, for news of their products goes into almost every home in the country. For those who produce newspapers, advertisements are also important. Money earned from advertisements makes it possible for them to sell their newspapers at a low price and still make a profit.

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

Passage Four

Almost every family buys at least one copy of a newspaper every day. Some people subscribe to as many as two or three different newspapers. But why do people read newspapers?

Five hundred years ago, news of important happenings—battles lost and won, kings or rulers overthrown a kill—took months and even years to travel from one country to another. The news passed by word of mouth and was never accurate. Today we can read in our newspapers of important events that occur in faraway countries on the same day they happen.

Apart from supplying news from all over the world, newspapers give us a lot of other useful information. There are weather reports, radio, television and film guides, book reviews, stories, and, of course, advertisements. There are all sorts of advertisements. The bigger ones are put in by large companies to bring attention to their products. They pay the newspapers thousands of dollars for their advertising space, but it is worth the money, for news of their products goes into almost every home in the country. For those who produce newspapers, advertisements are also important. Money earned from advertisements makes it possible for them to sell their newspapers at a low price and still make a profit.

The phrase " subscribe to" in the second sentence of Para. 1 means _____.

Passage Five

Auctions（拍卖）are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.

The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called "subusta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold by the candle, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.

An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.

Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china, and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.

Auctioned goods are sold_____.

Passage Five

Auctions（拍卖）are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.

The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called "subusta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold by the candle, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.

An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.

Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china, and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.

The Romans used to sell by auction_____.

Passage Five

Auctions（拍卖）are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.

The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called "subusta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold by the candle, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.

An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.

Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china, and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.

The end of the bidding is called "knocking down" because_____.

Passage Five

Auctions（拍卖）are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum.

The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auction, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called "subusta", meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold by the candle, a short candle was lit by the auctioneer; and bids could be made while it stayed alight.

An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by possible buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a "lot", is usually given a number. The auctioneer need not begin with lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for. The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.

Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique, furniture, pictures, rare books, old china, and similar works of art. The auction-rooms at Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world famous.

A candle used to burn at auction sales_____.

Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel.

Jason: Oh, really? _____（56）

Andrea: I'm a guide. I take people on tours to countries in South America, like Peru.

Jason: _____（57）

Andrea: Yes, it's a great job. I love it. _____（58）

Jason: I'm a student, and I have a part-time job, too.

Andrea: Oh? _____（59）

Jason: In a fast-food restaurant.

Andrea: _____（60）

Jason: Hamburger Heaven.

Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel.

Jason: Oh, really? _____（56）

Andrea: I'm a guide. I take people on tours to countries in South America, like Peru.

Jason: _____（57）

Andrea: Yes, it's a great job. I love it. _____（58）

Jason: I'm a student, and I have a part-time job, too.

Andrea: Oh? _____（59）

Jason: In a fast-food restaurant.

Andrea: _____（60）

Jason: Hamburger Heaven.

Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel.

Jason: Oh, really? _____（56）

Andrea: I'm a guide. I take people on tours to countries in South America, like Peru.

Jason: _____（57）

Andrea: Yes, it's a great job. I love it. _____（58）

Jason: I'm a student, and I have a part-time job, too.

Andrea: Oh? _____（59）

Jason: In a fast-food restaurant.

Andrea: _____（60）

Jason: Hamburger Heaven.

Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel.

Jason: Oh, really? _____（56）

Andrea: I'm a guide. I take people on tours to countries in South America, like Peru.

Jason: _____（57）

Andrea: Yes, it's a great job. I love it. _____（58）

Jason: I'm a student, and I have a part-time job, too.

Andrea: Oh? _____（59）

Jason: In a fast-food restaurant.

Andrea: _____（60）

Jason: Hamburger Heaven.

Jason: Where do you work, Andrea?

Andrea: I work for Thomas Cook Travel.

Jason: Oh, really? _____（56）

Andrea: I'm a guide. I take people on tours to countries in South America, like Peru.

Jason: _____（57）

Andrea: Yes, it's a great job. I love it. _____（58）

Jason: I'm a student, and I have a part-time job, too.

Andrea: Oh? _____（59）

Jason: In a fast-food restaurant.

Andrea: _____（60）

Jason: Hamburger Heaven.

你是刘玲(Liu Ling)，写一封给晓东(Xiao Dong)的道歉信，讲明道歉的原因、解决问题的办法，以弥补因晓东来拜访而自己不在家给他带来的沮丧。